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Thanks to phytoplankton, this biological carbon pump removes approximately 10 trillion kilograms (10 gigatonnes) of carbon from the atmosphere every year, transferring it to the ocean depths 11. Updates? and transmitted securely. Biochim Biophys Acta. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Don't already have a personal account? In addition to chlorophyll A, blue-green algae also contain the pigments phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, which give the bacteria their bluish tint (hence the name, blue-green algae) 15. In both cases, the water becomes saturated with nutrients, creating an ideal environment for phytoplankton productivity 36. 12.4: Pigments and Evolutionary Adaptations - Biology LibreTexts Expected levels should be based on local, seasonal data from previous years. The difference between these seaweeds and submerged plants is in their structure. [46] Plant-like protists are . Cellulose and alginate biosynthesis pathways seem to have been acquired from other organisms through endosymbiotic and horizontal gene transfer respectively, while the sulphated polysaccharides are of ancestral origin. The heavier of these, an orange fraction, is a fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein; this complex contains most of the fucoxanthin and has only chlorophyll c2. The closest relatives of the brown algae include unicellular and filamentous species, but no unicellular species of brown algae are known. Surface water is carried away from coastlines by currents, and is replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water from below 37. Protist may be a more accurate term, particularly for the single-celled phytoplankton 8. . Algal blooms and overproduction of phytoplankton can cause toxic red tides and fish kills. However, chlorophyll is not actually a single molecule. Certain species are also used as fertilizer, and several are eaten as a vegetable (e.g., Laminaria) in East Asia and elsewhere. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Like a root system in plants, a holdfast serves to anchor the alga in place on the substrate where it grows, and thus prevents the alga from being carried away by the current. When this optimum temperature is exceeded, photosynthetic activity will in turn be reduced. While diatoms and dinoflagellates are forms of planktonic algae, they can be incorrectly classified as red or brown algae 9.