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Aegyptopithecues gave rise to the living catarrhines with no division until 29 to 24 million years ago. Females mate with all or most of the mature males in their group, which creates a condition of confused paternity, where any male in the troop is willing to help care for and protect all infants. In the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan and northern India, with the Middle to Late Miocene, Sivapitehcus, related to the living orangutan. Primate Features - Tree of Life Web Project What might be the evolutionary reason for the correlation in primates between greater size differences and whether or not males and females pair bond? Monkeys might not use a fork and knife, but they have what we recognize as primate manners. This is helpful in a diet characterized in part by fibrous plant materials. A geological period is major subdivision of geological time based on events as interpreted in rocks and stratigraphy. Which members are nice and which are bullies. Since the 1980s, this family of proconsuls has expanded tremendously with numerous new genera identified. There were now sensitive tactile pads on fingers, toes, heels, & palms for gripping & touch. Many are arboreal with some that are largely, testes relative to body size because they face no sperm competition; their male-male competition all occurs before insemination. The real concern is how many primates will be living in the wild in the next century. Some such as capuchin monkeys come down for specific things, but then quickly retreat to the branches. How much wild country will exist for primates or anyone? Oligocene Epoch (34 to 24 million years ago). These archaic forms or highly specialized mammals included opposum-like marsupials and herbivorous mammals that had teeth more akin to modern rodents. One of the most unusual species of this group is the aye aye discussed in the video below, which has a highly specialized diet and corresponding adaptations of teeth and hands. The second major split in the system with simians and distinguishes the New World and Old World primates. The large gap between incisors and premolars, called a diastema, accommodates these massive canines so the mouth can fully close. Gibbons are the smallest apes and might be mistaken for monkeys, especially since they live an arboreal life and excel at swing from tree branches, but the lack of a tail gives them away. Primate males are usually significantly larger and more muscular than females. The night or owl monkeys are in a family (Aotidae); capuchins & squirrel monkeys in a second family (Cebidae); howler, spider, & woolly monkeys in a third family (Atelidae); the fourth family (Pitheciidae) consisting of titi, saki, & uakaris. The scientific study of primates both living and extinct by conducting both field (in the wild and in zoos) and laboratory research so as to understand aspects of their evolution, anatomy, and behavior.